\u0110i t\u00ecm Nemo (Finding Nemo)<\/a>” l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u00e0ng nh\u1ea7y chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c trong c\u00e1c x\u00fac tu c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u1ef3. Khi b\u1ecb k\u1ebb s\u0103n m\u1ed3i \u0111e d\u1ecda, c\u00e1 h\u1ec1 \u1ea9n n\u00e1u trong h\u1ea3i qu\u1ef3. Khi \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ea3i qu\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho c\u00e1 h\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng x\u00fac tu \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u0103n m\u1ed3i \u0111ang \u0111u\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1 h\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang t\u00ea li\u1ec7t. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ea3i qu\u1ef3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c \u0103n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho c\u00e1 h\u1ec1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n th\u1ee9c \u0103n th\u1eeba. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1 h\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda, thu h\u00fat con m\u1ed3i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u1eb7n th\u1ee9c \u0103n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, c\u00e1 h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1 h\u1ea3i qu\u1ef3\u201d (anemone fish) theo t\u00ean h\u1ea3i qu\u1ef3 (sea anemone).<\/p>\nC\u00e1 b\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4m c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p nhau. C\u00e1 b\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng trong hang do t\u00f4m \u0111\u00e0o, canh ch\u1eebng cho nh\u1eefng con t\u00f4m khi ch\u00fang m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa hang trong l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi k\u1ebb s\u0103n m\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1 b\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u nguy hi\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng \u0111u\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a r\u00e2u t\u00f4m r\u1ed3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1ed1n xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ed1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1t.<\/p>\n
H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh. C\u00e1 b\u00e0ng ch\u00e0i – lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 \u0103n x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft, t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ecd x\u00e1t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c c\u1eafn nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0o da c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00eca v\u00f4i v\u00e0ng, b\u00f2 r\u1eebng ch\u00e2u Phi, chim s\u1ebb t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Galapagos, r\u00f9a v\u00e0 c\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0 c\u0169ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1edd n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a l\u1eabn nhau. Khi ki\u1ebfn d\u00f9ng r\u00e2u ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con r\u1ec7p, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con r\u1ec7p ti\u1ebft ra ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng gi\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1eadt ong, ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9ng r\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ee9ng r\u1ec7p trong su\u1ed1t m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. C\u00e2y keo s\u1eebng b\u00f2 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an to\u00e0n cho ki\u1ebfn c\u00e2y keo l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a ng\u1ecdt v\u00e0 m\u00f4 gi\u00e0u protein g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e2n Beltian (Beltian body). \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, khi ki\u1ebfn c\u00e2y keo nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y kh\u00e1c m\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng h\u00e0m r\u0103ng s\u1eafc nh\u1ecdn c\u1eaft b\u1ecf ch\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang k\u00e9o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0103n l\u00e1 c\u00e2y keo s\u1eebng b\u00f2, c\u1eafn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2m ch\u00fang cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi con v\u1eadt b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n
B\u1ecd ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ecd ve c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh. Khi m\u1ed9t con b\u1ecd ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf, n\u00f3 ch\u00f4n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t. \u1ea4u tr\u00f9ng b\u1ecd ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u1edbi \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecd ve b\u00f2 l\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecd ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t. Khi m\u1ed9t con b\u1ecd ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft, b\u1ecd ve s\u1ebd b\u00e1m v\u00e0o x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0103n tr\u1ee9ng do c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebb ra. R\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecd ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft. B\u1ecd ve c\u01b0\u1ee1i tr\u00ean b\u1ecd ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0103n th\u1ee9c \u0103n do b\u1ecd ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecd ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n
H\u1ed9i sinh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn<\/h3>\n
Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed9i sinh c\u00f3 c\u00e1 b\u1ed1ng tr\u1eafng san h\u00f4 v\u00e0 san h\u00f4. C\u00e1 b\u1ed1ng tr\u1eafng san h\u00f4 l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n, g\u1ed3m san h\u00f4, b\u1ecdt bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00edm bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 gai. Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1 b\u1ed1ng tr\u1eafng san h\u00f4 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ea7u v\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i san h\u00f4 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u01b0a th\u00edch. C\u00e1 b\u1ed1ng tr\u1eafng san h\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 2,5cm, c\u00f3 m\u00fat \u1edf m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ee5ng n\u00ean b\u00e1m r\u1ea5t ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o san h\u00f4. Trong khi c\u00e1 b\u1ed1ng tr\u1eafng san h\u00f4 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 an to\u00e0n t\u1eeb san h\u00f4 th\u00ec san h\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t g\u00ec c\u1ea3. V\u00ec c\u00e1 b\u1ed1ng tr\u1eafng san h\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 sang m\u00e0u cam, v\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1m xanh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a san h\u00f4, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u0103n m\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi c\u00e1 b\u1ed1ng tr\u1eafng san h\u00f4 \u1ea9n n\u00e1u trong san h\u00f4.<\/p>\n![](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/img_symbiosis_2.jpg\")
<\/picture><\/figure>\nHu\u1ec7 bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i c\u00e2y, l\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a sao bi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00edm bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00f4ng hoa l\u1edbn. D\u00f9 hu\u1ec7 bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cho nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch hay m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, t\u00f4m hu\u1ec7 bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng trong hu\u1ec7 bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng m\u00e0u v\u1edbi hu\u1ec7 bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u1ea9n m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3. Hu\u1ec7 bi\u1ec3n ti\u1ebft ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n th\u1ecbt c\u1ee9ng n\u00ean c\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt qu\u00e1 giang d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed9i sinh. C\u00e1 \u00e9p di chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u00e1m v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 m\u1eadp l\u1edbn, c\u00e1 l\u1edbn, r\u00f9a v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 thuy\u1ec1n ch\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1c h\u00fat tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang b\u00e1m ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u1ea9n n\u00e1u an to\u00e0n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebb s\u0103n m\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n
M\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c chung s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u1edf tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 \u201cc\u00f9ng nhau chung s\u1ed1ng\u201d.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y nay, khi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111ang d\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh B\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IUCN)<\/a>, c\u00f3 20.219 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. M\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0, 1\/3 r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4, 1\/4 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa, 1\/5 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 13% lo\u00e0i chim c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. Khi m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00fang c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t theo. Th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi – \u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o mu\u00f4n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng chung s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng chung s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n- Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/dt>\n
- \u201cChim ch\u00eca v\u00f4i l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u00f2 r\u1eebng\u201d (T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Bridget Giles)<\/dd>\n
- \u201cB\u1ecd ve di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng b\u1ecd ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t\u201d (T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Kieren Pitts), v.v…<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. 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